They are highly electronegative, that is, they strongly attract electrons, making them extremely reactive and even toxic. The halogen atom shows − I − Ieffect of halogen atoms decreases the electron density of the ortho sites and hence are deactivating in nature. The halogen group elements (F, Cl, Br, I, and At) are, in the words of the late Oliver Sacks, the absolute opposite of the inert gases ( 1 ). It contains the elements potassium, halogens, one The periodic table is organized in families and periods. The reason for considering them as deactivating substituent groups is due to their electronegative character. Being para and ortho directing, they are also regarded as the deactivating groups. The frequency of a single adsorbed atom vibration perpendicular to the surface. The non – bonding electrons of the halogen atom occupies the ortho and para positions allowing the electrophilic species to bind at those selective sites. The vibrational frequencies of halogens adsorbed on Ag(100) are calculated. a hydrocarbon group or hydrogen, and x represents any halogen atom. The halogen leads to the electrophilic substitution of the aromatic ring at ortho and para positions and hence are called para and ortho directing groups. Functional groups are collections of atoms in organic chemistry molecules that. As discussed above halogen atom possess lone pair of electrons which is available for donation to form unsaturated bonds between halogen ion and the substrate molecule with which they are attached. It occurs in both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. The product thus formed is known as a halogenated compound. The reactivity of the aromatic compounds is highly affected by the presence of the halogen ions. Halogenation is a chemical reaction in which a halogen is added to a hydrocarbon by replacing one of its hydrogens.
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